How to recognize that a dog is pregnant

7 October 2024

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How to Tell if a Dog is Pregnant?

Pregnancy in dogs is an important and responsible period that requires increased attention from the owner. To ensure maximum comfort and health for your pet during this time, you need to understand the signs and stages of this condition. In this article, we will review the key signs of pregnancy, diagnostic methods, and rules for caring for and feeding pregnant dogs.

Signs of pregnancy, heat, and cycle

In most dogs, heat occurs twice a year and lasts about 3 weeks. The reproductive cycle consists of several phases: proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and anestrus. Estrus (the heat phase) is the period when the female is ready for mating and is fertile. Fertilization is possible only during estrus.

Determining the exact moment of ovulation is difficult, so mating is carried out several times during this period to increase the chances of successful conception.

Signs of pregnancy may appear 2–3 weeks after mating. Among the main symptoms are the following:

changes in appetite: at first, interest in food may decrease, and after some time, on the contrary, increase;
changes in behavior: pregnant females often become calmer, more attached to the owner, or seek solitude;
physiological changes: from about the fourth week, you can notice an increase in abdominal volume and swelling of the nipples;
coat condition: it may become smoother and shinier due to hormonal changes in the body.

These signs will help owners recognize possible pregnancy at an early stage and begin preparation for the following stages.

Stages of pregnancy

To properly prepare for whelping, owners need to keep track of the timing and carefully monitor the pet’s condition throughout the entire pregnancy. Regular veterinary check-ups will help control the development of the fetuses and respond promptly to any changes.

Pregnancy in dogs lasts on average 58–65 days and is traditionally divided into three approximate periods (trimesters).

The first period (days 1–21) covers the time from fertilization to the beginning of embryo attachment to the uterus. Since the fetuses are still microscopic, there are no external changes in the female, and pregnancy confirmation at this stage is impossible.

The second period (days 21–42) is crucial for diagnosis and the start of nutritional correction. From about day 25, pregnancy can be reliably confirmed using ultrasound, which allows you to assess whether the fetuses are alive and hear their heartbeat. During this time, active formation of organs and the skeleton occurs.

The third period (days 42–65) is the time of intensive growth. The fetuses gain most of their weight, and the female’s mammary glands noticeably swell. Around weeks 7–8, the puppies take the correct position in the birth canal, preparing for birth.

Behavioral changes in a pregnant dog

The behavior of the future mother can change significantly. Many females become calmer, less active, and prefer to spend more time alone. Some begin to look for cozy places in the house to create a “nest” where they plan to give birth.

The dog also often shows anxiety or restlessness, especially in the later stages of pregnancy. This is associated with the body’s preparation for whelping and natural changes in hormonal levels. It is important to provide the pet with comfort and allow her to rest in silence to avoid stress.

In addition, owners should carefully monitor the dog’s health, providing her with a complete diet and necessary vitamins. Regular walks in the fresh air will help maintain physical activity, which will also have a positive effect on overall well-being.

Methods of pregnancy diagnosis

There are several ways to confirm pregnancy and monitor the condition of the fetuses at different stages:

Ultrasound examination. This is the most accurate and common method that allows you to confirm the presence of fetuses, assess their condition, and hear their heartbeat.
Palpation. An experienced veterinarian can gently feel the fetuses around day 28–30. However, this method requires caution so as not to harm the puppies and is categorically not recommended for owners due to the risk of injury.
Relaxin hormone test. This hormone is produced only during pregnancy. A blood test can be performed from the 25th day after mating.
X-ray. This method is used at later stages (after 55 days), when the puppies’ skeletons are sufficiently formed to be visible. X-ray is the most accurate way to determine the exact number of puppies before birth.

Although professional diagnostic methods are the most accurate, owners can also observe external and behavioral changes in their pet.

Care for a pregnant dog

You have determined that your beloved female is pregnant. Now take care to provide her with proper care that meets her physical and emotional needs. Below are the most important aspects.

Physical activity. A pregnant mother needs to remain active but avoid excessive exertion. She should not run or jump intensively, but daily moderate walks will be beneficial for maintaining muscle tone and overall health.
Resting place. Provide the animal with a quiet and cozy place where she can rest. Avoid stress, noisy company, and frequent guests.
Hygiene. Monitor the cleanliness of the resting place and the dog’s hygiene. In the later stages of pregnancy, the belly may increase, and the animal may not be able to care for herself independently, especially if she has long hair. Use safe grooming products that will not harm your pet.

Feeding rules for a dog during pregnancy

The diet of a pregnant dog requires special attention, as it must provide energy for both the mother and the developing puppies. During the first four weeks of pregnancy, her daily feeding norm is usually not changed. However, starting from the fifth week, the need for energy and nutrients increases rapidly. During this period, it is important to gradually switch your pet to a high-calorie diet rich in protein, calcium, and other essential microelements. The best option is a specialized food for pregnant and lactating bitches or puppy food. Never change the diet or increase portions abruptly: changes should occur gradually to avoid digestive disorders. Do not forget about constant access to fresh clean water.

Medications and vaccinations

During pregnancy, the decision to prescribe any medications is made only by a veterinarian and on an individual basis. Many drugs can be dangerous for both the bitch and the development of the fetus, so their use is strictly limited.

If there is a high risk of helminth infection, deworming is allowed only under veterinary supervision using safe drugs selected individually. Intestinal parasites can be transmitted to puppies both in utero and during feeding.

It is best if the dog receives all necessary vaccinations and is treated for parasites before pregnancy.

How to determine the due date

To determine the approximate due date, count 62–65 days from the date of the first mating. However, this date is conditional, as pregnancy proceeds individually in each female. For a more accurate forecast, you can consult a veterinarian who, using ultrasound or X-ray, will assess the development of the fetuses and the approximate date of their birth.

Conclusion

Pregnancy in a dog is a period of increased responsibility. The key to success is timely recognition of signs and enhanced care during this difficult time for your beloved pet. Do not neglect regular visits to the veterinarian, as professional monitoring is the key to the health of both the mother and the future puppies.